Atg16l1 and Xbp1 cooperatively protect from transcription-associated mutagenesis and small intestinal carcinogenesis.

Abstract

Atg16l1 plays a critical role in autophagy, and Xbp1 is part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Both, Atg16l1 and Xbp1 are known risk genes for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous studies have shown that dysfunctional Atg16l1 and Xbp1 are epithelial-derived drivers of small intestinal inflammation. Despite a clear link between Crohn’s disease and small intestinal adenocarcinoma, the molecular impact of autophagy and ER stress in this malignant transformation is not known. Using a model of impaired ribonucleotide excision repair (RER), a key homeostatic repair mechanism in highly proliferative cells, we investigated the impact of Atg16l1 on epithelial DNA damage responses and small intestinal carcinogenesis with and without functional ER homeostasis. We used conditional mouse models for deficient RER (Rnaseh2b^ΔIEC), bearing a co-deletion of disrupted autophagy (Atg16l1/Rnaseh2b^ΔIEC) or ER stress resolution (Xbp1/Rnaseh2b^ΔIEC), and triple-conditional knock-out mice for both, Xbp1 and Atg16l1 (Atg16l1/Xbp1/Rnaseh2b^ΔIEC). We assessed the degree of DNA damage and the incidence of small intestinal carcinoma. We report that defective epithelial RER induces autophagy, and that dysfunctional autophagy increases RER-induced DNA damage and causes the loss of RER-induced proliferative arrest but no spontaneous carcinogenesis in the gut. We demonstrate that dysfunctional Atg16l1 drastically increases the incidence of spontaneous intestinal adenocarcinomas in mice with defective epithelial RER and impaired ER homeostasis. We provide experimental evidence that the same epithelial mechanisms suppressing gut inflammation also critically protect from small intestinal carcinogenesis. Our findings set a molecular framework for the increased risk of intestinal carcinogenesis in patients with IBD, which links perturbations of ER homeostasis and autophagy defects with accumulating DNA damage. In a model of transcription-associated mutagenesis, deficiency of the IBD risk gene Atg16l1 does not induce small intestinal cancer. In contrast, double deficiency of Xbp1 and Atg16l1 drives spontaneous tumor formation highlighting a cooperative role of Xbp1 and Atg16l1 in tumor suppression.